Contents
Preface XI
Acknowledgments xvii
1. ANIMAL AWARENESS 1
1.1 Descartes's Denial
1.2 How Not to Challenge Descartes
1.3 The Principle of Parsimony
1.4 La Mettrie's Objection
1.5 The Language Test
1.6 Skepticism
1.7 Evolutionary Theory and Consciousness
1.8 Descartes's Downfall
1.9 The Cumulative Argument for Animal Consciousness
1.10 Which Animals are Conscious?
1.11. Summary and Conclusion

2. THE COMPLEXITY OF ANIMAL AWARENESS 34
2.1 The Belief-Desire Theory
2.2 Language and Belief
2.3 The Content of Belief
2.4 Three Objections
2.5 TheComplexity of Animal Consciousness 2.6 Summary and
Conclusion

3. ANIMAL WELFARE 82
3.1 The Autonomy of Animals
3.2 Interests
3.3 Benefits
3.4 Harms
3.5 Death
3.6 Paternalism and Animals
3.7 Euthanasia and Animals
3.8 Summary and Conclusion

4. ETHICAL THINKING AND THEORY 121
4.1 Some Ways Not to Answer Moral Questions
4.2 The Ideal
Moral Judgment
4.3 Criteria for Evaluating Moral Principles
4.4 Consequentialist Ethical Theories 4.5 Nonconsequentialist Ethical Theories
4.6 Evaluating Ethical Theories
4.7 Summary and Conclusion

5. INDIRECT DUTY VIEWS 150
5.1 Indirect and Direct Duty Views
5.2 Moral Agents and Moral Patients
5.3 Narveson's View: Rational Egoism
5.4 Rawls's Position: Contractarianism
5.5 Kant's Position: Humanity as End in Itself
5.6 The Moral Arbitrariness of All Indirect Duty Views
5.7 Summary and Conclusion

6. DIRECT DUTY VIEWS 195
6.1 The Cruelty-Kindness View
6.2 Hedonistic Utilitarianism
6.3 Preference Utilitarianism
6.4 Singer's Grounds for Vegetarianism
6.5 Utilitarianism and Speciesism
6.6 Summary and Conclusion

7. JUSTICE AND EQUALITY 232
7.1 Utilitarian and Perfectionist Theories of Justice
7.2 Individuals as Equal in Value
7.3 "All Animals Are Equal"
7.4 Inherent Value and Reverence for Life
7.5 Inherent Value and the Subject-of-a-Life Criterion
7.6 Justice: The Principle of Respect for Individuals
7.7 Rule Utilitarianism and Justice
7.8 Defending the Respect Principle
7.9 The Derivation of the Harm Principle
7.10 Summary and
Conclusion

8. THE RIGHTS VIEW 266
8.1 Moral and Legal Rights
8.2 Claims and Valid Claims
8.3 Acquired and Unacquired Duties
8.4 The Respect Principle and the Right To Respectful Treatment
8.5 The Rights of Moral Patients
8.6 A Miscellany of Objections
8.7 Overriding the Right Not to be Harmed
8.8 The Innocence of Moral Patients
8.9 Should the Numbers Count?
8.10 The Miniride and Worse-off Principles
8.11 Why Side-Effects Don't Count
8.12 More Objections Answered
8.13 Unfinished Business
8.14 Summary and Conclusion

9. IMPLICATIONS OF THE RIGHTS VIEW 330
9.1 Why Vegetarianism is Obligatory
9.2 Why Hunting andTrapping Are Wrong
9.3 How to Worry about Endangered Species
9.4 Against the Use of Animals in Science
9.5 Summary and Conclusion