@book {81388, title = {The Tyranny of Merit}, year = {2020}, month = {09/2020}, publisher = {Penguin Books Ltd}, organization = {Penguin Books Ltd}, abstract = {

The new bestseller from the acclaimed author of Justice and one of the world{\textquoteright}s most popular philosophers

{\textquoteright}Will help us to heal our divided societies{\textquoteright} Sunday Times

These are dangerous times for democracy. We live in an age of winners and losers, where the odds are stacked in favour of the already fortunate. Stalled social mobility and entrenched inequality give the lie to the promise that "you can make it if you try". And the consequence is a brew of anger and frustration that has fuelled populist protest, with the triumph of Brexit and election of Donald Trump.

Michael J. Sandel argues that to overcome the polarized politics of our time, we must rethink the attitudes toward success and failure that have accompanied globalisation and rising inequality. Sandel highlights the hubris a meritocracy generates among the winners and the harsh judgement it imposes on those left behind. He offers an alternative way of thinking about success - more attentive to the role of luck in human affairs, more conducive to an ethic of humility, and more hospitable to a politics of the common good.

}, isbn = {9780241407592}, author = {Michael J. Sandel} } @book {82795, title = {Time Biases}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, organization = {Oxford University Press}, abstract = {

Should you care less about your distant future? What about events in your life that have already happened? How should the passage of time affect your planning and assessment of your life? Most of us think it is irrational to ignore the future but completely harmless to dismiss the past. But this book argues that rationality requires temporal neutrality: if you are rational you don{\textquoteright}t engage in any kind of temporal discounting. The book draws on puzzles about real-life planning to build the case for temporal neutrality. How much should you save for retirement? Does it make sense to cryogenically freeze your brain after death? How much should you ask to be compensated for a past injury? Will climate change make your life meaningless? Meghan Sullivan considers what it is for you to be a person extended over time, how time affects our ability to care about ourselves, and all of the ways that our emotions might bias our rational planning. Drawing substantially from work in social psychology, economics and the history of philosophy, the book offers a systematic new theory of rational planning.

}, isbn = {9780198812845}, url = {https://www.books.com.tw/products/F014279452}, author = {Meghan Sullivan} } @book {82288, title = {Theaetetus}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Createspace Independent Publishing Platform}, organization = {Createspace Independent Publishing Platform}, abstract = {

The Theaetetus is one of Plato{\textquoteright}s dialogues concerning the nature of knowledge, written circa 369 BC.In this dialogue, Socrates and Theaetetus discuss three definitions of knowledge: knowledge as nothing but perception, knowledge as true judgment, and, finally, knowledge as a true judgment with an account. Each of these definitions is shown to be unsatisfactory.Socrates declares Theaetetus will have benefited from discovering what he does not know, and that he may be better able to approach the topic in the future. The conversation ends with Socrates{\textquoteright} announcement that he has to go to court to face a criminal indictment.

}, isbn = {9781533615589}, author = {Pl{\'a}ton Plato} } @book {35460, title = {TOO BIG TO KNOW}, year = {2014}, publisher = {貓頭鷹}, organization = {貓頭鷹}, abstract = {

現在,重新定義知識的時刻到了!當知識離開了紙張,知識究竟如何演變?我們又該如何運用?數位革命改變了人類文明,知識的結構也已徹底改變。

過去,知識經過編輯過濾,裁切成有限的內容收錄進書本中,被刪除的內容並不會被看見;如今,知識離開了紙張,不再有界限,也沒有根基。知識已經「網路化」了。

網路思想先驅溫柏格於書中清楚說明,在商業、科學、教育和政府領域裡,網路化的知識究竟如何影響我們的思考與決策。白宮一反過往不公開政府資料的方式,將所有非機密文件放在Data.gov供大眾存取;美國溢油防治研究所透過網路找來根本不是石油專家的人,卻運用他對水泥的了解,成功解決了溢油問題;學術期刊《自然》自行創立網站,刊登的論文再也不受頁數限制。這些事之所以能發生,完全有賴網路的特性。網路化的知識不僅開放而且多元,使得我們獲取知識的方式與以往完全不同。這本書撼動了我們對「知識」的基本概念,讓人看見在一切交相互聯、大到無法掌握的世界裡,擺脫了紙本並自由延伸的網路化知識,如何讓我們更接近知識的真相。

}, isbn = {9862622024}, author = {溫柏格, 大衛} } @book {79305, title = {Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus: German and English}, year = {2014}, pages = {208}, publisher = {Routledge}, organization = {Routledge}, abstract = {

The Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus first appeared in 1921 and was the only philosophical work that Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951) published during his lifetime. Written in short, carefully numbered paragraphs of extreme compression and brilliance, it immediately convinced many of its readers and captured the imagination of all.Its chief influence, at first, was on the Logical Positivists of the 1920s and 1930s, but many other philosophers were stimulated by its philosophy of language, finding attractive, even if ultimately unsatisfactory, its view that propositions were pictures of reality. Perhaps most of all, its own author, after his return to philosophy in the late 1920s, was fascinated by its vision of an inexpressible, crystalline world of logical relationships.C.K. Ogden{\textquoteright}s translation of the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus has a unique provenance. As revealed in Letters of C.K. Ogden (1973) and in correspondence in The Times Literary Supplement, Wittgenstein, Ramsey and Moore all worked with Ogden on the translation, which had Wittgenstein{\textquoteright}s complete approval. The very name Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus was of Ogden{\textquoteright}s devising; and there is very strong feeling among philosophers that, among the differing translations of this work, Ogden{\textquoteright}s is the definitive text - and Wittgenstein{\textquoteright}s version of the English equivalent of his Logisch-Philosophische Abhandlung.

}, isbn = {1136745793}, author = {Ludwig Wittgenstein} } @book {79437, title = {On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense}, year = {2012}, publisher = {Createspace}, organization = {Createspace}, abstract = {

Once upon a time, in some out of the way corner of that universe which is dispersed into numberless twinkling solar systems, there was a star upon which clever beasts invented knowing. That was the most arrogant and mendacious minute of "world history," but nevertheless, it was only a minute. After nature had drawn a few breaths, the star cooled and congealed, and the clever beasts had to die.

}, issn = {9781479183746}, author = {Friedrich Nietzsche and 尼采, 弗里德里希} } @book {35458, title = {Too Big to Know}, year = {2011}, abstract = {

We used to know how to know. We got our answers from books or experts. We{\textquoteright}d nail down the facts and move on. But in the Internet age, knowledge has moved onto networks. There{\textquoteright}s more knowledge than ever, of course, but it{\textquoteright}s different. Topics have no boundaries, and nobody agrees on anything. Yet this is the greatest time in history to be a knowledge seeker . . . if you know how. In Too Big to Know, Internet philosopher David Weinberger shows how business, science, education, and the government are learning to use networked knowledge to understand more than ever and to make smarter decisions than they could when they had to rely on mere books and experts. This groundbreaking book shakes the foundations of our concept of knowledge{\textemdash}from the role of facts to the value of books and the authority of experts{\textemdash}providing a compelling vision of the future of knowledge in a connected world.

}, isbn = {0465021425}, author = {Weinberger, David} } @book {80285, title = {Trauma: Contemporary Directions in Theory, Practice, and Research}, series = {SAGE}, year = {2011}, abstract = {

Contemporary Directions in Trauma\ is a new text for courses on trauma and working with vulnerable populations. Trauma has evolved as a field over the past few decades. What began as focusing on childhood trauma, sexual abuse and PTSD, has now broadened much further to include other definitions such as terrorism, natural disasters, school shootings and more. This book unifies the various approaches for assessing trauma in one volume.

}, isbn = {9781412979825}, author = {Shoshana Ringel and Jerrold R. Brandell} } @inbook {79155, title = {Truth and Politics}, booktitle = {Truth: Engagements Across Philosophical Traditions}, year = {2008}, pages = {295{\textendash}314}, abstract = {

Hannah Arendt develops an immensely attractive account of {\textquoteright}judgment{\textquoteright}, both as a supremely important human mental capacity and with respect to its place in political life, and this account rightly draws attention from a broad array of political theorists. Her essay "Truth and Politics" is one of the texts in which she first articulates this account of judgment. However, the account of truth offered in that essay is full of both puzzles and problems {\textendash} notably, the puzzle of why Arendt, committed as she is to elevating the dignity of political life, thinks she needs to drive a wedge between politics and truth to the extent that she does in her account of the relation between them. The question pursued in this article is: why does Arendt think that, in order to give judgment and opinion the dignity that are appropriate to them, she needs, as it were, to slander truth as {\textquoteright}coercive{\textquoteright}, {\textquoteright}tyrannical{\textquoteright}, and so on?

}, keywords = {Human mind, Kant, Rational truth, Soviet russian history books, Trotsky}, isbn = {1405115491}, issn = {0191-4537}, doi = {10.1002/9780470776407.ch19}, author = {Hannah Arendt} } @article {79161, title = {Theorie der Halbbildung}, journal = {Frankfurt am Main}, year = {2006}, author = {Theodor W. Adorno} } @book {82215, title = {Topoi: The Categorial Analysis of Logic}, year = {2006}, publisher = {Dover Publications}, organization = {Dover Publications}, isbn = {9780486450261}, author = {Goldblatt, Robert} } @book {82116, title = {Truth and Predication}, year = {2005}, publisher = {Harvard University Press}, organization = {Harvard University Press}, abstract = {

This brief book takes readers to the very heart of what it is that philosophy can do well. Completed shortly before Donald Davidson{\textquoteright}s death at 85,\ Truth and Predication\ brings full circle a journey moving from the insights of Plato and Aristotle to the problems of contemporary philosophy. In particular, Davidson, countering many of his contemporaries, argues that the concept of truth is not ambiguous, and that we need an effective theory of truth in order to live well.

Davidson begins by harking back to an early interest in the classics, and an even earlier engagement with the workings of grammar; in the pleasures of diagramming sentences in grade school, he locates his first glimpse into the mechanics of how we conduct the most important activities in our life--such as declaring love, asking directions, issuing orders, and telling stories. Davidson connects these essential questions with the most basic and yet hard to understand mysteries of language use--how we connect noun to verb. This is a problem that Plato and Aristotle wrestled with, and Davidson draws on their thinking to show how an understanding of linguistic behavior is critical to the formulating of a workable concept of truth.

Anchored in classical philosophy,\ Truth and Predication\ nonetheless makes telling use of the work of a great number of modern philosophers from Tarski and Dewey to Quine and Rorty. Representing the very best of Western thought, it reopens the most difficult and pressing of ancient philosophical problems, and reveals them to be very much of our day.

}, isbn = {9780674030404}, author = {Davidson, Donald} } @book {80796, title = {Talking Philosophy : Dialogues with Fifteen Leading Philosophers}, year = {2001}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, organization = {Oxford University Press}, isbn = {9780192854179}, author = {Bryan Magee} } @book {79695, title = {Time in the Ditch: American Philosophy and the McCarthy Era}, year = {2001}, publisher = {Northwestern University Press}, organization = {Northwestern University Press}, author = {McCumber, John} } @book {81251, title = {Thoughts on the Interpretation of Nature}, year = {2000}, month = {03/200}, publisher = {Clinamen Press Ltd.}, organization = {Clinamen Press Ltd.}, abstract = {

Diderot (1713-1784) was, alongside Voltaire, the most prolific, talented, and famous of the Enlightenment figures known as the Philosophes. This is the first English language edition of Pensees sur l’Interpretation de la Nature and two other complementary works forming a trio that allows readers a holisitic appraisal of Diderot’s far reaching philosophy.

}, isbn = {9781903083055}, author = {Denis Diderot} } @book {80243, title = {A theory of justice}, year = {1999}, publisher = {HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS}, organization = {HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS}, edition = {Revised}, abstract = {

Revised edition. Previous edition, 1st, published in 1971.

Part 1: Theory.

Justice as fairness ;

The principles of justice

{\textendash} The original position {\textendash}

Part 2: Institutions.

Equal liberty ;

Distributive shares ;

Duty and obligation {\textendash}

Part 3: Ends.

Goodness as rationality ;

The sense of justice

{\textendash} The good of justice

{\textendash} Conversion table.

}, isbn = {9780674000780}, author = {Rawls, John} } @book {79863, title = {The Transfiguration of the Commonplace: A Philosophy of Art}, year = {1981}, publisher = {Harvard University Press}, organization = {Harvard University Press}, address = {Cambridge, MA and London}, abstract = {

Mr. Danto argues that recent developments in the artworld, in particular the production of works of art that cannot be told from ordinary things, make urgent the need for a new theory of art and make plain the factors such a theory can and cannot involve. In the course of constructing such a theory, he seeks to demonstrate the relationship between philosophy and art, as well as the connections that hold between art and social institutions and art history. The book distinguishes what belongs to artistic theory from what has traditionally been confused with it, namely aesthetic theory and offers as well a systematic account of metaphor, expression, and style, together with an original account of artistic representation. A wealth of examples, drawn especially from recent and contemporary art, illuminate the argument.

}, isbn = {9780674903463}, author = {Arthur C. Danto} } @book {82016, title = {A Theory of Semiotics}, year = {1978}, publisher = {Indiana University Press}, organization = {Indiana University Press}, abstract = {

"...the greatest contribution to [semiotics] since the pioneering work of C. S. Peirce and Charles Morris." -Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism

"...draws on philosophy, linguistics, sociology, anthropology and aesthetics and refers to a wide range of scholarship...raises many fascinating questions." -Language in Society

"...a major contribution to the field of semiotic studies." -Robert Scholes, Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism

"...the most significant text on the subject published in the English language that I know of." -Arthur Asa Berger, Journal of Communication

Eco{\textquoteright}s treatment demonstrates his mastery of the field of semiotics. It focuses on the twin problems of the doctrine of signs-communication and signification-and offers a highly original theory of sign production, including a carefully wrought typology of signs and modes of production.

}, isbn = {9780253202178}, author = {Umberto Eco} } @book {82230, title = {A Treatise of Human Nature}, year = {1978}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, organization = {Oxford University Press}, abstract = {

David Hume{\textquoteright}s Treatise of Human Nature, composed before the author was twenty-eight years old, was published in 1739 and 1740.
In revising the late L.A. Selby-Bigge{\textquoteright}s edition of Hume{\textquoteright}s Treatise Professor Nidditch corrected verbal errors and took account of Hume{\textquoteright}s manuscript amendments. He also supplied the text of the Abstract of the Treatise following the original 1740 edition and provided an apparatus of variant readings.

}, isbn = {9780198245889}, author = {Hume, David} } @book {79258, title = {The Theory of the Novel: A historico-philosophical essay on the forms of great epic literature}, year = {1971}, publisher = {MIT press}, organization = {MIT press}, author = {Gy{\"o}rgy Luk{\'a}cs and Gy{\"o}rgy Luk{\'a}cs} } @book {82764, title = {Totality and Infinity: An Essay on Exteriority}, year = {1969}, publisher = {Duquesne Univ Pr}, organization = {Duquesne Univ Pr}, abstract = {

Influenced in part by the dialogical philosophies of Franz Rosenzweig and Martin Buber,Totality and Infinity departs from the ethically neutral tradition of ontology to analyze the "face-to-face" relation with the Other. First published in English by Duquesne in 1969, this has become one of the classics of modern philosophy. Fully indexed.

}, isbn = {9780820702452}, author = {Emmanuel Levinas} } @book {80424, title = {Theories of Modern Art: A Source Book by Artists and Critics}, year = {1968}, publisher = {University of California}, organization = {University of California}, isbn = { 9780520052567}, author = {Herschel B. Chipp} } @article {81912, title = {The Thought: A Logical Inquiry}, journal = {Mind}, volume = {65}, year = {1956}, publisher = {Oxford University Press, Mind Association}, chapter = {289}, issn = {00264423}, author = {Gottlob Frege} } @book {82056, title = {A Treatise on Man: His Intellectual Faculties \& His Education, Vol. I}, year = {1810}, publisher = {Vernor, Hood and Sharpe}, organization = {Vernor, Hood and Sharpe}, isbn = {9780598958891}, author = {Claude Adrien Helv{\'e}tius} }