@book {80463, title = {Menschenwürde}, year = {2016}, publisher = {C.H.Beck}, organization = {C.H.Beck}, isbn = {9783406688379}, author = {Dietmar von der Pfordten} } @book {79325, title = {The Most Good You Can Do: How Effective Altruism Is Changing Ideas About Living Ethically}, series = {Castle Lectures Series}, year = {2015}, pages = {192}, publisher = {Yale University Press}, organization = {Yale University Press}, abstract = {

Peter Singer{\textquoteright}s books and ideas have been disturbing our complacency ever since the appearance of Animal Liberation. Now he directs our attention to a challenging new movement in which his own ideas have played a crucial role: effective altruism. Effective altruism is built upon the simple but profoundly unsettling idea that living a fully ethical life involves doing the "most good you can do." Such a life requires a rigorously unsentimental view of charitable giving: to be a worthy recipient of our support, an organization must be able to demonstrate that it will do more good with our money or our time than other options open to us. Singer introduces us to an array of remarkable people who are restructuring their lives in accordance with these ideas, and shows how, paradoxically, living altruistically often leads to greater personal fulfillment than living for oneself.Doing the Most Good develops the challenges Singer has made, in the New York Times and Washington Post, to those who donate to the arts, and to charities focused on helping our fellow citizens, rather than those for whom we can do the most good. Effective altruists are extending our knowledge of the possibilities of living less selfishly, and of allowing reason, rather than emotion, to determine how we live. Doing the Most Good offers new hope for our ability to tackle the world{\textquoteright}s most pressing problems.

}, isbn = {0300182414}, author = {Peter Singer} } @book {80148, title = {Moral error theory : history, critique, defence}, year = {2014}, abstract = {

First edition. Jonas Olson presents an original account of the historical background of moral error theory, and examines in particular J.L. Mackie{\textquoteright}s influential contributions to the debate. In Part I (History), Olson provides the historical context of the debate, and discusses the moral error theories of David Hume and some of the more or less influential twentieth century philosophers, including Axel Hägerström, Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein, and Richard Robinson. He argues that the early cases for moral error theory are suggestive but that they would have been stronger had they included something like Mackie{\textquoteright}s arguments that moral properties and facts are metaphysically queer. Part II (Critique) focuses on these arguments. Olson identifies four queerness arguments, concerning supervenience, knowledge, motivation, and irreducible normativity, and goes on to establish that while the first three are not compelling, the fourth has considerable force, especially when combined with debunking explanations of why we tend to believe that there are moral properties and facts when in fact there are none. One conclusion of Part II is that a plausible error theory takes he form of an error theory about irreducible normativity. In Part III (Defense), Olson considers challenges according to which that kind of error theory has problematic ramifications regarding hypothetical reasons, epistemic reasons, and deliberation. He ends his discussion with a consideration of the upshots of moral error theory for ordinary moral thought and talk, and for normative theorizing. {\textendash} Book jacket. Part I. History: Hume: projectivist, realist, and error theorist ; Hägerström: projectivist, non-cognitivist, and error theorist; Other precursors of moral error theory {\textendash} Part II. Critique: How to understand Mackie{\textquoteright}s argument from queerness (I); How to understand Mackie{\textquoteright}s argument from queerness (II ; Debunking moral belief {\textendash} Part III. Defense: Ramifications of moral error theory; Moral error theory, and then what?

}, isbn = {0198701934}, author = {Jonas Olson} } @book {82545, title = {Mahomet}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Start Publishing LLC}, organization = {Start Publishing LLC}, abstract = {

This powerful work was read by Voltaire to Frederick of Prussia in 1740, to the king{\textquoteright}s great delight. The play was withdrawn after the fourth representation, under pressure of Church authorities who professed to see in it a bloody satire against the Christian religion. Almost three hundred years later critics are still unclear if this play is a rebuke of Islam or of Christianity or, perhaps, both. Wilder Publications is a green publisher. All of our books are printed to order. This reduces waste and helps us keep prices low while greatly reducing our impact on the environment.

}, isbn = {9781627932783}, author = {Francois Voltaire} } @book {79209, title = {Mechanism and Causality in Biology and Economics}, year = {2013}, pages = {266}, publisher = {Springer Science \& Business Media}, organization = {Springer Science \& Business Media}, abstract = {

This volume addresses fundamental issues in the philosophy of science in the context of two most intriguing fields: biology and economics. Written by authorities and experts in the philosophy of biology and economics, Mechanism and Causality in Biology and Economics provides a structured study of the concepts of mechanism and causality in these disciplines and draws careful juxtapositions between philosophical apparatus and scientific practice. By exploring the issues that are most salient to the contemporary philosophies of biology and economics and by presenting comparative analyses, the book serves as a platform not only for gaining mutual understanding between scientists and philosophers of the life sciences and those of the social sciences, but also for sharing interdisciplinary research that combines both philosophical concepts in both fields.The book begins by defining the concepts of mechanism and causality in biology and economics, respectively. The second and third parts investigate philosophical perspectives of various causal and mechanistic issues in scientific practice in the two fields. These two sections include chapters on causal issues in the theory of evolution; experiments and scientific discovery; representation of causal relations and mechanism by models in economics. The concluding section presents interdisciplinary studies of various topics concerning extrapolation of life sciences and social sciences, including chapters on the philosophical investigation of conjoining biological and economic analyses with, respectively, demography, medicine and sociology.

}, isbn = {9400724543}, author = {Chao, Hsiang-Ke and Chen, Szu-Ting and Millstein, Roberta L. and 陳, 思廷 and 趙, 相科} } @book {81320, title = {Memory as a Remedy for Evil}, year = {2011}, publisher = {Seagull Books London Ltd}, organization = {Seagull Books London Ltd}, abstract = {

Can humanity be divided into good and evil? And if so, is it possible for the good to vanquish the evil, eradicating it from the face of the earth by declaring war on evildoers and bringing them to justice? Can we overcome evil by the power of memory? In "Memory as a Remedy for Evil", Tzvetan Todorov answers these questions in the negative, arguing that despite all our efforts to the contrary, we cannot be delivered from evil. In this work on evil, memory, and justice, Todorov examines the uses of memory and the spate of memorial laws in France in order to show how memory has failed as a remedy against evil and how efforts to come to grips with past evil through trials and punitive justice have failed as well. Todorov locates the fatal flaw of all these approaches in our erroneous relationship with evil as alterity, the distinction that we draw between ourselves and others that allows us to imagine ourselves in the appealing role of hero and victim and confine others to the role of villain and criminal.
Similarly, in his analysis of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission and Cambodia{\textquoteright}s Khmer Rouge Tribunal, Todorov argues in favor of restorative justice, which {\textquoteright}seeks not to punish but to restore relations that should never have been interrupted{\textquoteright} between former perpetrators and former victims. Memory as a Remedy for Evil is a powerful and timely work that asks that we recognize the good and evil within each of us and reminds us that only by coming to terms with evil and trying to understand it can we hope to tame it.

}, isbn = {9781906497439}, author = {Tzvetan Todorov} } @book {80147, title = {Metaethics : an introduction}, year = {2011}, publisher = {Acumen Pub}, organization = {Acumen Pub}, abstract = {

Do moral facts exist? What would they be like if they do? What does it mean to say that a moral claim is true? What is the link between moral judgment and motivation? Can we know whether something is right or wrong? Is morality a fiction?

Metaethics: An Introduction presents a clear and engaging survey of the key concepts and positions in what has become one of the most exciting and influential fields of philosophy. In a work free of technical language and jargon, Andrew Fisher covers the main ideas that have shaped metaethics from the work of G.E. Moore to the latest thinking. Written specifically for students new to this subject, Metaethics assumes no prior philosophical knowledge. It also highlights ways to avoid common errors, offers hints and tips on learning the subject, includes a glossary of core terms, and provides guidance for further study.

}, isbn = {1844652580}, author = {Fisher, Andrew} } @book {80466, title = {Menschenwürde, Recht und Staat bei Kant : fünf Untersuchungen}, year = {2009}, publisher = {mentis}, organization = {mentis}, isbn = {978-3897856851}, author = {Dietmar von der Pfordten} } @article {79829, title = {Making Tracks: The Ontology of Rock Music}, journal = {The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism}, volume = {64}, year = {2006}, pages = {401-14}, author = {Andrew Kania} } @book {79890, title = {Mortals and Others: Bertrand Russell{\textquoteright}s American Essays, 1931-1935, Volume 2}, year = {1998}, publisher = {Psychology Press}, organization = {Psychology Press}, abstract = {

{\textquoteright}Every man would like to be God, if it were possible; some few find it difficult to admit the impossibility.{\textquoteright} - Bertrand Russell
From 1931-1935 Bertrand Russell was one of the regular contributors to the literary pages of the New York American, together with other distinguished authors, such as Aldous Huxley and Vita Sackville-West. Mortals and Others Volume II presents a further selection of his essays, ranging from the politically correct, to the perfectly obscure: from The Prospects of Democracy to Men Versus Insects.

Even though written in the politically heated climate of the 1930s, these essays are surprisingly topical and engaging for the present day reader. Volume II of Mortals and Others serves as a splendid, fresh introduction to the compassionate eclecticism of Bertrand Russell{\textquoteright}s mind.

}, issn = {0415178665}, author = {Bertrand Russell} } @book {80492, title = {The Myth of Sisyphus and other essays}, year = {1991}, publisher = { Vintage }, organization = { Vintage }, isbn = { 978-0679733737}, author = {Albert Camus} } @book {80144, title = {The miracle of theism : arguments for and against the existence of God}, year = {1982}, pages = {268}, publisher = {Clarendon Press}, organization = {Clarendon Press}, abstract = {

In The Miracle of Theism, J.L. Mackie examines the arguments for and against the existence of God from an atheistic perspective. John Mackie is a highly respected twentieth century philosopher and along with Anthony Flew has been one of the most capable contemporary proponents of atheism. Written almost a quarter of a century ago, "The Miracle of Theism" remains a classic in the field of religious philosophy and is widely considered to be one of the best-stated arguments for atheism in print. Unfortunately, many popular works supporting the atheistic perspective come across as unduly angry and self-righteous. In contrast, Mackie{\textquoteright}s work is a much-needed breath of fresh air. One may disagree with Mackie while at the same time respecting his views.

Miracles and testimony

{\textendash} Hume{\textquoteright}s argument: exposition

{\textendash} Hume{\textquoteright}s argument: discussion

{\textendash} Descartes and the idea of God

{\textendash} The argument of the Third Meditation: exposition

{\textendash} The argument of the Third Meditation: discussion

{\textendash} Ontological arguments

{\textendash} Descartes{\textquoteright}s proof and Kant{\textquoteright}s criticism

{\textendash} Anselm{\textquoteright}s ontological proof and Gaunilo{\textquoteright}s reply

{\textendash} Plantinga{\textquoteright}s ontological proof

{\textendash} Berkeley{\textquoteright}s God and immaterial realism

{\textendash} Berkeley{\textquoteright}s theism: exposition

{\textendash} Berkeley{\textquoteright}s theism: discussion

{\textendash} Cosmological arguments

{\textendash} Contingency and sufficient reason

{\textendash} The regress of causes

{\textendash} Finite past time and creation

{\textendash} Swinburne{\textquoteright}s inductive cosmological argument

{\textendash} Moral arguments for the existence of a God

{\textendash} A popular line of thought

{\textendash} Newman: conscience as the creative principle of religion

{\textendash} Kant: God as a presupposition of morality

{\textendash} Sidgwick: the duality of practical reason

{\textendash} God and the objectivity of value

{\textendash} The argument from consciousness

{\textendash} Arguments for design.

{\textendash} Hume{\textquoteright}s Dialogues: exposition

{\textendash} Hume{\textquoteright}s Dialogues: discussion

{\textendash} Swinburne{\textquoteright}s restatement

{\textendash} The problem of evil

{\textendash} Survey of the problem

{\textendash} Attempts to sidestep the problem

{\textendash} The paradox of omnipotence

{\textendash} The free will defence

{\textendash} Digression: the nature of free will

{\textendash} The free will defence: continued

{\textendash} Religious experience and natural histories of religion

{\textendash} The varieties of religious experience

{\textendash} Natural histories of religion

{\textendash} Belief without reason

{\textendash} Pascal{\textquoteright}s wager

{\textendash} William James and the will to believe

{\textendash} Kierkegaard and the primacy of commitment

{\textendash} Religion without belief?

{\textendash} Replacements for God

{\textendash} Conclusions and implications

{\textendash} The challenge of nihilism

{\textendash} The balance of probabilities {\textendash} The moral consequences of atheism.

}, isbn = {019824682X}, author = {J. L. Mackie} } @book {80140, title = {The Marx-Engels reader}, series = {The German Ideology, Part I}, year = {1978}, publisher = {Norton}, organization = {Norton}, abstract = {

Marx on the history of his opinions (preface to A contribution to the Critique of political economy)

{\textendash} For a ruthless criticism of everything existing (letter to Arnold Ruge)

{\textendash} Contribution to the critique of Hegel{\textquoteright}s Philosophy of right : introduction

{\textendash} On the Jewish question {\textendash} Economic and philosophic manuscripts of 1844 : selections

{\textendash} Alienation and social classes (from The holy family)

{\textendash} Theses on Feuerbach

{\textendash} The German ideology : part I

{\textendash} Wage labour and capital

{\textendash} Capital : selections

{\textendash} On the realm of necessity and the realm of freedom (from Volume three of Capital)

{\textendash}On the division of labour in production (from Anti-Dühring)

{\textendash} The Communist manifesto

{\textendash} Address of the Central Committee to the Communist League

{\textendash} Inaugural address of the Working Men{\textquoteright}s International Association

{\textendash} Critique of the Gotha Program

{\textendash} Circular letter to Bebel, Liebknecht, Bracke, and others

{\textendash} The tactics of social democracy (Engels{\textquoteright} introduction to Marx{\textquoteright}s The class struggles in France 1848-1850)

{\textendash} Speech at the anniversary of the People{\textquoteright}s paper

{\textendash} Working-class Manchester (from The condition of the working class in England in 1844)

{\textendash} The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte

{\textendash} The Civil War in France

{\textendash} On imperialism in India

{\textendash} On social relations in Russia

{\textendash} Speech at the graveside of Marx

{\textendash} Socialism : utopian and scientific

{\textendash} Letters on historical materialism

{\textendash} On the origin of the state (from The origin of the family, private property, and the state)

{\textendash} Versus the anarchists (letter to Theodor Cuno)

{\textendash} On authority

{\textendash} On morality (from Anti-Dühring).

}, keywords = {History of Anthropology, Marxism}, isbn = {9780393056846}, issn = {00028762}, doi = {10.2307/1838394}, author = {Karl Marx and Engels, F} } @book {81910, title = {The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes}, year = {1978}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, organization = {Cambridge University Press}, abstract = {

Imre Lakatos{\textquoteright} philosophical and scientific papers are published here in two volumes. Volume I brings together his very influential but scattered papers on the philosophy of the physical sciences, and includes one important unpublished essay on the effect of Newton{\textquoteright}s scientific achievement. Volume II presents his work on the philosophy of mathematics (much of it unpublished), together with some critical essays on contemporary philosophers of science and some famous polemical writings on political and educational issues. Imre Lakatos had an influence out of all proportion to the length of his philosophical career. This collection exhibits and confirms the originality, range and the essential unity of his work. It demonstrates too the force and spirit he brought to every issue with which he engaged, from his most abstract mathematical work to his passionate {\textquoteright}Letter to the director of the LSE{\textquoteright}. Lakatos{\textquoteright} ideas are now the focus of widespread and increasing interest, and these volumes should make possible for the first time their study as a whole and their proper assessment.

}, isbn = {9780511621123}, author = {Lakatos, Imre} } @book {80553, title = {Mythologies}, year = {1972}, isbn = {9780374521509}, author = {Barthes, Roland} } @book {79162, title = {Minima Moralia: Reflexionen aus dem besch{\"a}digten Leben}, year = {1951}, publisher = {Suhrkamp}, organization = {Suhrkamp}, author = {Theodor W. Adorno} }