@book {82811, title = {電腦如何學會思考?}, year = {2023}, month = {06/2023}, publisher = {鷹出版}, organization = {鷹出版}, abstract = {

洞悉電腦如何運作
開啟人類對於現實的全新理解!

早至萊布尼茨(Leibnitz)時代,哲學家就一直提出「該如何為人類心智與電腦建造橋梁」的問題,像是:物質與精神之間的關係是什麼?電腦能像我們這樣思考和感知嗎?而創造出「會思考的機器」,一直以來都是電腦學家的目標。

喬治.湯納(George Towner)因為實際從事設計電腦(在蘋果電腦工作多年)的工作,開啟了在知識論上的追尋,他在《電腦如何學會思考》一書中,發表了針對電腦模仿人類生命進行的三十年研究結果,透過思索解決人類知識相關的哲學問題,對於人類知識如何建構有了全新的理解。

生命透過建構數位現實來理解存在

湯納指出:電腦實際上是設計成像人類一樣行事,專門為了幫助我們完成人類任務而創建的。然而,和人類的生命不同之處,在於電腦的操作可以被我們詳細分析。透過瞭解並解析電腦在設計過程中,電腦工程師如何將類比世界轉換成數位現實的每一個設計決策,有意識地將人類理解現實的方式融入設計中,他得出:人類所理解的現實,根本上來說都是數位現實(此即「數位現實理論」,簡稱DR理論)。

我們都知道電腦最擅長「類比--數位」轉換,但這一切溯其源,都來自人類理解外在世界時將現實的類比存在,經由數位化轉換的「數位現實」來完成。而這種數位現實,就是所有生物得以理解周遭一切的作法。

比方說,所有實存的世界都是類比的存在,但無論是光線、聲音或觸覺或生命繁衍等,都是透過光子、空氣振動、電斥力,以數位形式傳遞訊息到我們的大腦中,這些數位訊號經由大腦的建構、理解和解讀後,從而獲得對於整體世界的理解和認識。可以說,所有生命對於外在世界的知識,都是來自於外建構出來的數位現實,而非類比的原始資料。

簡而言之,生命是透過建構數位現實來理解存在,而這種數位現實建構出來的知識支撐了生命。而現實世界若沒有經過生命轉換為數位現實來理解,就無法被認知並解讀。現代電腦也是如此運作。因此,當掌握了電腦如何透過「類比--數位」轉換建構出知識體系,我們便能同時洞悉人腦和電腦這兩個系統的運作模式。

了解電腦,就能了解人類心智運作的方式

這個新問題帶領他在哲學、物理學和計算領域進行了一場壯舉;從類比-數位轉換(以及心智如何對早已內建到電腦的資料起作用)開始,透納將建構現實世界的三種類型方式----物理的、行為的、理想的,對應到電腦運作當中的資料處理、程式和演算法,再從這個基礎,建構出我們日常生活中的個人現實、社會形式和世界觀,帶領讀者重新審視關於我們自己、社會以及物理現實的一切知識,可以說,DR理論更新了人類知識的基礎。

這本書引領讀者洞悉自己心智和電腦的運作方式,不只為了回答「人類是否被機器取代?」「該如何向電腦學習思考?」這類問題,而是關於人類知識提供了全新的理解角度。本書非常適合喜歡駭客任務的讀者,必能超越心物二元論、擁有嶄新看待世界的全新方式。

專文推薦
  葛如鈞(台北科技大學助理教授)
  洪士灝(台灣大學資訊工程學系暨網路與多媒體研究教授)
  苑舉正 (台灣大學哲學系教授)

作者簡介

喬治.湯納(George Towner)
曾在柏克萊大學學習邏輯學與哲學,後來成為凱撒基金會研究所的助理主任,從事「原始生物」(primitive organism)的生物學相關研究。當電腦革命風潮衝擊矽谷時,他開始轉向資訊科技的研究,並在蘋果公司擔任高級技術人員長達三十年。湯納在自己的獨立研究中,分析了電腦如何從早期的純數字計算機,演變成現在的智慧型數位助理。本書《電腦如何學會思考》(Thinking Like a Computer)便是基於「集合論」(set theory)而提出的一套令人折服的嶄新詮釋,可以用來解釋人和電腦如何理解現實。

譯者簡介

吳國慶

中興大學外文系,台北藝術大學戲劇研究所畢業。曾任Hi-Fi Choice國際中文版副總編輯、《潮人物雜誌》美劇專欄作家,現任醒吾科大商業設計系講師。譯有《天天都是自然課》、《自然界的設計力》、《我們為何吃太多?全新的食慾科學與現代節食迷思》《每具屍體都會留下痕跡:微物證據會說話,鑑識生態學家帶你進入案發現場》、《叢林: 關於地球生命與人類文明的大歷史》等書。

}, isbn = {9786267255155}, author = {George Towner} } @book {82369, title = {口袋裡的哲學課}, year = {2022}, month = {08/2022}, publisher = {麥田}, organization = {麥田}, abstract = {

《自願被吃的豬》作者、《人生4千個禮拜》作者等重量級哲普作家齊聲盛讚
哲學不僅與生活息息相關,
而且應該要很簡單、很好玩!

如果這還不能點燃你的哲學導火線,你一定就是欠缺哲學頭腦!
--《自願被吃的豬》作者朱立安-巴吉尼

我想不出還能有什麼更有趣的方式可以去探討這些人生大哉問!
--《人生4千個禮拜》作者奧利佛-柏克曼

\ \ \ \ \  一天10分鐘的小問題{\texttimes}大思辨--刻意練習一生受用的哲學腦
\ \ \ \ \  圖像世代哲學輕讀本--碎片化閱讀時代,讓哲學思辨成為原子習慣
\ \ \ \ \  亞馬遜網路書店4.7分高分評價、水石書店5分完美口碑
\ \ \ \ \  中文版全球獨家附錄95位大思想家小傳

\ \ \ \ \  哲學應該與生活息息相關,應該是實用的,也應該易讀、易於理解。
\ \ \ \ \  但最重要的是,它應該要很有趣!
\ \ \ \ \  我深信每個人其實都有好奇想問的哲學問題,而且人人都能成為哲學家。
\ \ \ \ \  我們不妨踏出第一步,看看歷來最偉大的思想家提出過哪些想法。
\ \ \ \ \  --本書作者

專文推薦--(按姓氏筆畫排序,完整文章收於書中)
哲學是門大學問,這本書可以作為哲學的敲門磚。哲學家不會聲稱自己為唯一真理,所以讀者們可以盡情帶著批判思考與哲學家們對話。更好的是,組個讀書會吧!不停地,從各種角度追問真理的樣貌。--林靜君(南港高中哲學課教師與規畫人)

哲學的這份「有趣」,讓我們不滿足於習以為常的思維模式,而渴望去了解那些更深入的、能拓展自己眼界的想法。在此推薦這本充滿趣味又平易近人的入門書。--鄭凱元(哲學新媒體共同創辦人、執行長)

◎英國牛津大學教師、人氣哲學IG網紅著作
◎共分十大篇章,從道德、女性主義、政治、經濟、藝術、到看似微不足道的日常小事,以全新角度切入,點燃思考的火種
◎適合運用於課堂討論,讓學子進行打破框架的思考練習
◎中文版獨家附錄:詳列全書「登場思想家」名單,提供讀者進一步認識能為我們激盪出心靈火花的95位思想家

▍內容簡介
「存在主義」是什麼?柏拉圖的「洞穴寓言」有何意涵?--哲學,一定要這麼難嗎?事實上,哲學的起源是人人皆有的「好奇心」,因此,哲學課應該要很有趣才對。牛津大學創業中心負責人湯姆森在輔佐未來企業家的課堂上,發現學生看似平凡的提問常都是哲學大哉問,希望讓更多人享受學習哲學的快樂,於是決定用IG寫哲學短文,在碎片化的閱讀時代,讓哲學思辨成為原子習慣。更希望啟發讀者能夠練習從日常「小問題」中挖掘「大思辨」--

-道德可以計算嗎?
-快樂一定比痛苦好嗎?
-「彈指」滅絕一半人口的薩諾斯可能是漫威宇宙裡的唯一正派?
-如果能夠隱形,你還會奉公守法嗎?
-蝙蝠俠的敵人小丑信奉的是何種生存哲學?
-為什麼認識死亡可以讓我們活得更好?

本書共分十大篇章,從道德、政治、經濟、藝術等人生十大領域點燃思考的火種,每篇皆以引人深思的圖片開場,堪為圖像世代最易上手的一本哲學入門讀本。全書囊括柏拉圖、尼采、笛卡兒、鄂蘭、波娃等「傳統哲學家」,以及發人深省的藝術家卡繆、卡夫卡或普魯斯特,乃至扭轉人類歷史的重要人物馬克思、圖靈,甚至是激發大眾熱論的電影角色小丑、薩諾斯,跨越古今東西的超廣角寫作視野足以全面撼動年輕世代的心靈。一天只要十分鐘,就能輕鬆貫通一生受用的哲學課。

▍發人深省、帶來深刻啟發!--讚譽無數
文筆犀利活潑,涵蓋內容廣泛;篇篇簡短,字字珠璣,隨手一冊,便足以徜徉於哲學荒野。--《不合邏輯的故事》(Illogical Stories)作者愛蓮米克-布朗娜-戈登-史密斯(Eleanor Gordon-Smith)

本書妙語如珠,發人深省,以寥寥數語探究哲學,而且內容廣泛,如同百科全書,從亞里斯多德討論到人工智能之父圖靈。作者思考自我的本質,談論人們如何看待和理解世界,以及我們會用哪些幻想來自我安慰。讀之有伊比鳩魯派的歡喜愉悅。--《精神旅遊者》(The Spiritual Tourist)作者米克.布朗(Mick Brown)

作者確實如書名所述,很簡明地呈現概念,取代了迂迴艱困的引經據典。多虧了本書,我成功地突破了一些以往真的不曾真的想透的思考困境。這本書真的為我帶來深刻啟發!--亞馬遜網路書店讀者JJ

本書適合哲學初心者閱讀,也很適合讓有哲學基礎的讀者為自己重新充電。每個篇章都很短,這樣的設計很棒,因為這樣一來你就可以每次只花一點點的時間閱讀,即便下一回讀的時候已經忘了上一次讀到哪裡,還是可以隨時重啟。--水石書店讀者Chandos

作者簡介

喬尼-湯姆森Jonny Thomson
現任英國牛津大學賽德商學院牛津大學創業中心(Oxford Foundry)負責人兼講師,啟發無數未來的創業者,也參與許多企業草創初期的藍圖規畫。他開設哲學課,從課堂上與學生的對話獲得靈感,於Instagram經營「口袋裡的哲學課」帳號,深信唯在「小問題」中才能有「大思辨」。湯姆森每隔兩天發表一則「小問題」,以發人深省的圖像引人思考,在社群媒體上開啟一場隨時可以進行的微型哲學對話。

在本書中,借數千年來各大哲人的想法,他認真地與日常玩笑、靈光一閃的疑問進行深刻對話。他深信哲學「應該要很有趣」,只要有心,人人都可以是哲學家!

Instagram|@philosophyminis

譯者簡介

吳煒聲
美國蒙特瑞國際研究學院中英口筆譯組碩士,曾獲美國翻譯協會(ATA)英譯中檢定合格任證。目前任教於陽交大學和淡江大學,致力於英語教學與中英翻譯研究。

}, isbn = {9786263102507}, author = {Jonny Thomson} } @book {82169, title = {The Elements of Law: Natural and Politic}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Routledge}, organization = {Routledge}, abstract = {

Originally published in 1889, Ferdinand Tonnies published versions of two works by Thomas Hobbes. His editions of\ The Elements of Law: Natural and Politic\ and of\ Behemoth: or The Long Parliament\ were the first modern critical editions, based on manuscripts of works by Hobbes. Completed in 1640,\ The Elements of Law\ was Hobbes{\textquoteright}s first systematic political work. The book helps us see Hobbes{\textquoteright}s mind at work, for it is the first version of his later political works.

}, isbn = {9780367142148}, author = {Hobbes, Thomas} } @book {82435, title = {Pens{\'e}es}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Dover Publications Inc.}, organization = {Dover Publications Inc.}, abstract = {

I know of no religious writer more pertinent to our time. -- T. S. Eliot, Introduction to Pens{\'e}es
Men despise religion. They hate it and are afraid it may be true, declared Pascal in his Pens{\'e}es. The cure for this, he explained, is first to show that religion is not contrary to reason, but worthy of reverence and respect. Next make it attractive, make good men wish it were true, and then show that it is.
Motivated by the 17th-century view of the supremacy of human reason, Pascal (1623-62) had intended to write an ambitious apologia for Christianity, in which he argued the inability of reason to address metaphysical problems. His untimely death prevented his completion of the work, but the fragments published posthumously in 1670 form a vital part of religious and philosophical literature. Essential reading for students of history, philosophy, and theology, the Pens{\'e}es remain among the liveliest and most eloquent defenses of Christianity ever written.

}, isbn = {9780486821504}, author = {Pascal, Blaise} } @book {82355, title = {不對稱陷阱}, year = {2018}, publisher = {大塊文化}, organization = {大塊文化}, abstract = {

《紐約時報》亞馬遜非文學類 No. 1 暢銷書
解決風險、不透明、隨機問題的「不確定系列」第五部曲
繼《黑天鵝效應》《反脆弱》,塔雷伯最大膽、顛覆之作

面對不確定世界,空口說白話的人太多
在混亂與隨機的世局裡
揭穿日常生活隱藏的不對稱

擁抱風險,互利共贏

「切膚之痛」(Skin in the Game)說的是,別管人們說什麼,只看他們做什麼,冒多大風險。

塔雷伯在這本迄今最挑釁、最務實的著作中,用詞尖刻、犀利、直言不諱,拆穿沒有切膚之痛的人--例如:政客、政府官僚、銀行家、分析師、企業高管、學究等的把戲,這些人從來不必為所採取的行動造成的後果,付出代價。風險承擔的不對稱,會導致失衡,將可能引發系統性崩壞。更重要的是,不該以犧牲他人來取得反脆弱。

書裡引用的例子,從漢摩拉比到塞內加,巨人安泰俄斯到川普,羅伯特.魯賓到湯瑪斯.皮凱提,塔雷伯以此闡述,勇於承擔風險,對等互惠,才是真有「切膚之痛」這一概念,它是風險管理的骨幹,與我們生活或工作的各層面息息相關。本書重新定義,我們如何了解這個世界、專業上的成功、對公平和公正的社會有所貢獻、察覺胡說八道和影響別人,是什麼意思;以及如何使社會強固、甚至對黑天鵝事件免疫。

塔雷伯的文筆一向平易近人又不彈老調,精彩剖析生活裡隱藏的種種不對稱,在本書中直擊那些帶頭鼓吹軍事干預、從事金融投資,以及宣揚宗教信仰的人;挑戰長久以來占據主導地位的價值觀,以及我們對於世界的既定理解,還有風險與報酬、政治與宗教、財務與個人責任的根本信念:

談到社會公義時,重點放在對稱和風險分攤上;倫理規則不是放諸四海皆準;提防(某個人支領薪酬去尋找的)複雜解決方案;你有多相信某件事情,只表現在你願意為它冒什麼風險上;這個世界不是靠共識運轉,而是由頑固的少數,將他們的品味和倫理道德強加在別人身上。

每個人都該具備的風險意識:任何事情,要玩真的,不能沒有切膚之痛。
避免別人轉嫁風險,玩你的命,如果對方沒有切膚之痛,欠缺利益攸關,不擔風險,就別讓他做決定、掌握權力與影響力。

本書特色

  ●在充滿不確定性的世界裡,幫助你怎麼面對風險,做出最佳決策。
  ●現代社會是個複雜系統,本書教你用「切膚之痛」的眼光看世界、看人、看自己,把工作和生活處理得有為有守,自利利人。
  ●塔雷伯的作品富於哲學思辨,學識和寫作水準都出類拔萃,觀看世界的眼光十分獨到,讓喜愛閱讀他作品的人,享受智力上交鋒的快感。

作者簡介

納西姆.尼可拉斯.塔雷伯(Nassim Nicholas Taleb)
他在商場中打滾,當了承擔風險的計量交易員二十一年,之後致力於研究哲學、數學與(主要是)機率的實務問題,在二oo六年成為全職哲學隨筆作家和學術研究工作者。擁有華頓商學院(Wharton School)的企管碩士及巴黎大學(University of Paris)的博士學位。

他所寫「不確定(Incerto)系列」的幾本書,已經以三十六種語言出版,包括《隨機騙局》(Fooled by Randomness,舊譯《隨機的致富陷阱》)與《黑天鵝效應》(The Black Swan),後者盤據《紐約時報》等各大暢銷書榜多年,儼然已成為文化業、社交圈、知識界的一個試金石。《黑天鵝語錄》(The Bed of Procrustes)則是作者的機智警語錄,道出了最精準的預言。《反脆弱》(Antifragile)更是黑天鵝世界中極具革命性力量的終極自保手冊。最新一部作品是《不對稱陷阱》,大膽挑戰我們長久以來,對於風險與報酬、政治與宗教、財務與個人責任的許多信念。

塔雷伯無疑已是世上最炙手可熱的思想家。雖然大部分時間遺世獨居,埋首書堆,或者像漫遊者那樣沉思於咖啡館,卻是紐約大學工學院的風險工程傑出教授。他的研究主題是「不透明之下的決策」--也就是畫一張地圖和寫一張計畫書,說明我們應該如何活在無法全盤了解的世界中。

塔雷伯著有超過五十篇學術論文,以增補「不確定系列」的論述,從國際事務和風險管理,到統計物理學都有。人們稱他為「融合了勇氣和博學於一體的少見奇才」,普遍公認為機率與不確定性方面的頂尖思想家。塔雷伯大多時候住在紐約。

譯者簡介

羅耀宗
台灣清華大學工業工程系、政治大學企業管理研究所碩士班畢業。曾任《經濟日報》國外新聞組主任、寰宇出版公司總編輯。譯作無數,曾獲時報出版公司二oo二年「白金翻譯家」獎;現為財金、商業、科技專業自由文字工作者、《哈佛商業評論》全球中文版特約譯者。

}, isbn = {9789862139271}, author = {Nassim Nicholas Taleb} } @book {80250, title = {佛洛伊德會怎麼做:別為小事抓狂!讓心理治療大師幫你解決日常生活問題}, year = {2018}, publisher = {遠流}, organization = {遠流}, abstract = {

別忘了,日常生活瑣事,也可以請心理治療大師幫忙解答喔!
第一次看到比自己大二、三十歲的上司就覺得他尖酸刻薄,原來跟你對父親的看法有關!
衝動買下不需要的東西並非你的錯,而是你的大腦被廠商控制了!
你有沒有考慮找弗羅姆,請他幫你尋找真命天子/ 真命天女?
你為了排解中年危機買了部紅色法拉利,榮格會怎麼說?
你以為自己很奇怪,其實「奇怪」才正常!
你開始對自己的大腦運作機制感到好奇嗎?
不要懷疑!我們特別邀請佛洛伊德、榮格、弗羅姆、安斯渥、克萊因、阿德勒等大師為大家開講!
半本心理學簡介加半本人生寶典!
本書見識豐富,最能啟迪人心,最能解答性格與行為的現象。

}, isbn = {9789573280668}, author = {湯姆利, 莎拉 and Sarah Tomley} } @book {82831, title = {在一起孤獨}, year = {2017}, publisher = {時報文化}, organization = {時報文化}, abstract = {

你上一次接到家人朋友的電話是何時? 覺得朋友在臉書上與實際上的個性不一樣嗎? 網路帳號與發文是否不願意讓親朋好友知道? 我們天天透過各種方式聯絡感情,真正在一起時卻各自滑著手機相對無語。 科技給了我們從來沒有過的人際網絡,卻讓每個人更焦慮、更孤單。 這是因為資訊技術在給人們帶來溝通便利的同時,也使人與人之間的關係弱化。在幾乎每個家庭都有line群組、許多人會在臉書談公事的時代,人們每天傳簡訊、上社群網站、以打字的方式說了比以前更多的事情,但當需要講通電話、甚至面對面交談時,卻好像失去了相處的勇氣。 研究心理學三十年的麻省理工學院教授雪莉.特克,將網路文化的兩大趨勢在過去十五年中的新變化、新發展進行新的詮釋,當科技能以機器人建立親密關係,又透過網路讓朋友圈一下子拉近時,人們彷彿同時成為了社交達人與孤獨患者。要如何享受資訊技術帶來的便利、又能擺脫資訊剝奪的親密感?相信能在閱讀本書後,你能找到屬於自己的答案。

作者簡介

雪莉-特克(Sherry Turkle)

現居波士頓,麻省理工學院(MIT)科技社會研究教授,MIT科技和自我創新計畫(Initiative on Technology and Self)創辦人兼主任,也是有執照的臨床心理學家。投身科技心理研究超過三十年,被凱文.凱利譽為科技界的佛洛伊德,著有《電腦革命:人工智慧所引發的人文省思》(The Second Self)、《虛擬化身-網路世代的身分認同》(Life on the Screen)(皆為遠流出版),以上兩書與《在一起孤獨:科技拉近了彼此距離,卻讓我們害怕親密交流?》構成三部曲。她曾獲《女性》雜誌票選為年度女性,《君子》雜誌評選為改變國家「40歲以下的40人」之一,《紐約時報》、《科學美國人》和《連線》等都曾報導過她和她的研究成果,並獲邀CNN、CBS、NBC、ABC、BBC等眾多媒體嘉賓。

譯者簡介

洪世民
六年級生,台大外文學系畢,曾任職棒球團翻譯、主編雙語教學雜誌,目前為專職譯者兼家庭主夫,譯作涵蓋各領域,包括《一件T恤的全球經濟之旅》、《觀察的力量》、《告別施捨{\textemdash}{\textemdash}世界經濟簡史》、《如何獨處》、《城市的倒影{\textemdash}{\textemdash}發現曼谷》等。

}, isbn = {9789571368610}, url = {https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=CHY8DgAAQBAJ}, author = {Sherry Turkle} } @book {81320, title = {Memory as a Remedy for Evil}, year = {2011}, publisher = {Seagull Books London Ltd}, organization = {Seagull Books London Ltd}, abstract = {

Can humanity be divided into good and evil? And if so, is it possible for the good to vanquish the evil, eradicating it from the face of the earth by declaring war on evildoers and bringing them to justice? Can we overcome evil by the power of memory? In "Memory as a Remedy for Evil", Tzvetan Todorov answers these questions in the negative, arguing that despite all our efforts to the contrary, we cannot be delivered from evil. In this work on evil, memory, and justice, Todorov examines the uses of memory and the spate of memorial laws in France in order to show how memory has failed as a remedy against evil and how efforts to come to grips with past evil through trials and punitive justice have failed as well. Todorov locates the fatal flaw of all these approaches in our erroneous relationship with evil as alterity, the distinction that we draw between ourselves and others that allows us to imagine ourselves in the appealing role of hero and victim and confine others to the role of villain and criminal.
Similarly, in his analysis of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission and Cambodia{\textquoteright}s Khmer Rouge Tribunal, Todorov argues in favor of restorative justice, which {\textquoteright}seeks not to punish but to restore relations that should never have been interrupted{\textquoteright} between former perpetrators and former victims. Memory as a Remedy for Evil is a powerful and timely work that asks that we recognize the good and evil within each of us and reminds us that only by coming to terms with evil and trying to understand it can we hope to tame it.

}, isbn = {9781906497439}, author = {Tzvetan Todorov} } @book {82707, title = {哲學的二十六堂課}, year = {2010}, publisher = {韋伯}, organization = {韋伯}, abstract = {

大學裡的哲學到底在教什麼?有人以為是占卜、玄學;實地拿書翻閱發現不然。但在大學裡講授的哲學,卻往往令一般讀者不知所云。本書的目的,即是希望在沒有艱澀術語下讓讀者認識「正統」的哲學問題與哲學方法。本書涵蓋了最基本且最重要的哲學課題:形上學、知識論、倫理學、邏輯、科學哲學、政治哲學、人生哲學。在作者巧意安排下,各個哲學議題皆依歷史脈絡舖陳,而且各章皆可獨立閱讀。聆聽完廿六堂生動的哲學課程後,書後還有一份極有價值的延伸閱讀,讓意猶未盡的讀者可以更貼近專業哲學家的心靈。

作者簡介

Jenny Teichman
英國劍橋大學新夏學院(New Hall School)的研究員。她的作品有:《心靈與靈魂》、《非法性》、《和平主義與正義之戰》、《哲學與心靈》以及《社會倫理學》。

Katherine C. Evans
畢業於劍橋大學,是一位國際電信公司的委任律師

譯者簡介

蔡政宏
國立台灣大學哲學研究所博士班

古秀鈴
國立台灣大學哲學研究所博士班

謝鳳儀
國立台灣大學哲學研究所碩士班

}, isbn = {9789867830241}, author = {Jenny Teichman and Katherine C. Evans} } @book {79769, title = {推力}, year = {2009}, publisher = {時報出版}, organization = {時報出版}, abstract = {

什麼是Nudge?
不是強迫,不是硬性規定,而是一種輕輕的推力,能幫助我們做出更好的決定。只要選擇的架構經過良好的設計,就可以產生對我們有利的推力,同時又不會損害個人的選擇自由。

為什麼需要Nudge?
我們每天都必須面臨各種決定,小如冰淇淋的口味,大至醫療保險、貸款、退休金儲蓄方案的選擇。但是身為凡人,受到人性缺陷的影響,我們總是傾向於做出較差的決定,並因此變得更窮、更不健康、更不快樂。因此我們需要高明的選擇設計來形成一股推力,協助我們做出有利的決定。

Nudge真的有用嗎?
荷蘭史基霍機場的男廁,設計者在小便斗刻上一隻黑色小蒼蠅,結果如廁的男士都自動瞄準,外濺情形減少了80\%。在學校的自助餐廳,如果把較健康的食物放在視線容易觸及而且拿取方便的位置,那麼學生選擇健康食物的比例會大幅上升。同樣的道理可以應用在極為複雜的事務,因而提高你的儲蓄、增進社會福利、推動環境保護、改善弱勢民眾處境、戒除菸癮賭博,以及更多你想像不到的領域。

Nudge是一種全新的思維,既不贊成政府管制,也不認同完全放任;既不是左,也不是右。可謂真正的第三條路。

}, author = {Richard H. Thaler and Cass R. Sunstein and 理查.塞勒 and 凱斯 桑思坦} } @book {80263, title = {Desert Islands: and Other Texts, 1953--1974 (Semiotext(e) / Foreign Agents)}, year = {2004}, publisher = {Semiotext(e)}, organization = {Semiotext(e)}, address = {California}, abstract = {

A fascinating anthology of texts and interviews written over 20 years by renowned French philosopher Gilles Deleuze."One day, perhaps, this century will be Deleuzian," Michel Foucault once wrote. This book anthologizes 40 texts and interviews written over 20 years by renowned French philosopher Gilles Deleuze, who died in 1995.

The early texts, from 1953-1966 (on Rousseau, Kafka, Jarry, etc.), belong to literary criticism and announce Deleuze{\textquoteright}s last book, Critique and Clinic (1993). But philosophy clearly predominates in the rest of the book, with sharp appraisals of the thinkers he always felt indebted to: Spinoza, Bergson. More surprising is his acknowledgement of Jean-Paul Sartre as his master.

"The new themes, a certain new style, a new aggressive and polemical way of raising questions," he wrote, "come from Sartre." But the figure of Nietzsche remains by far the most seminal, and the presence throughout of his friends and close collaborators, Felix Guattari and Michel Foucault. The book stops shortly after the publication of Anti-Oedipus, and presents a kind of genealogy of Deleuze{\textquoteright}s thought as well as his attempt to leave philosophy and connect it to the outside -- but, he cautions, as a philosopher.

}, author = {Gilles Deleuze} } @book {79274, title = {羅傑斯-人本心理學派代言人}, year = {2000}, pages = {178}, publisher = {生命潜能}, organization = {生命潜能}, isbn = {9578292368}, author = {索恩, 布萊安 and Thorne, Biran} } @book {82040, title = {What Is Philosophy?}, year = {1996}, publisher = {Columbia University Press}, organization = {Columbia University Press}, abstract = {

Called by many France{\textquoteright}s foremost philosopher, Gilles Deleuze is one of the leading thinkers in the Western World. His acclaimed works and celebrated collaborations with F lix Guattari have established him as a seminal figure in the fields of literary criticism and philosophy. The long-awaited publication of\ What Is Philosophy?\ in English marks the culmination of Deleuze{\textquoteright}s career.

Deleuze and Guattari differentiate between philosophy, science, and the arts, seeing as means of confronting chaos, and challenge the common view that philosophy is an extension of logic. The authors also discuss the similarities and distinctions between creative and philosophical writing. Fresh anecdotes from the history of philosophy illuminate the book, along with engaging discussions of composers, painters, writers, and architects.

A milestone in Deleuze{\textquoteright}s collaboration with Guattari,\ What Is Philosophy?\ brings a new perspective to Deleuze{\textquoteright}s studies of cinema, painting, and music, while setting a brilliant capstone upon his work.

作者簡介

Gilles Deleuze was Professor of Philosophy at the University of Paris VIII. He died in November 1995. Among his many works are\ The Logic of Sense, Difference and Repetition,\ and\ Nietzche and Philosophy,\ all published by Columbia University Press.

F{\'e}lix Guattari, a practicing psychoanalyst in Paris until his death in 1992, collaborated with Deleuze on four books, including\ Anti-Oedipus\ and\ A Thousand Plateaus.

}, isbn = {9780231079891}, author = {Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari} } @book {80614, title = {The ethics of authenticity}, year = {1992}, publisher = {Harvard University Press}, organization = {Harvard University Press}, isbn = {9780674268630}, author = {Taylor, Charles} } @book {81256, title = {The Realm of Rights}, year = {1990}, publisher = {Harvard University Press}, organization = {Harvard University Press}, address = {Cambridge Mass.}, abstract = {

The concept of a right is fundamental to moral, political, and legal thinking, but much of the use of that concept is selective and fragmentary: it is common merely to appeal to this or that intuitively plausible attribution of rights as needed for purposes of argument. In The Realm of Rights Judith Thomson provides a full-scale, systematic theory of human and social rights, bringing out what in general makes an attribution of a right true.

Thomson says that the question what it is to have a right precedes the question which rights we have, and she therefore begins by asking why our having rights is a morally significant fact about us. She argues that a person{\textquoteright}s having a right is reducible to a complex moral constraint: central to that constraint is that, other things being equal, the right ought to be accorded. Thomson asks what those other things are that may or may not be equal, and describes the tradeoffs that relieve us of the requirement to accord a right.

Our rights fall into two classes, those we have by virtue of being human beings and those we have by virtue of private interactions and law. Thomson argues that the first class includes rights that others not kill or harm us, but does not include rights that others meet our needs. The second class includes rights that issue from promises and consent, and Thomson shows how they are generated; she also argues that property rights issue only from a legitimate legal system, so that the second class includes them as well.

The Realm of Rights will take its place as a major effort to provide a stable foundation for our deeply held belief that we are not mere cogs in a communal machine, but are instead individuals whose private interests are entitled to respect.

}, isbn = {9780674749481}, author = {Thomson, Judith} } @book {81185, title = {The Concept of Anxiety}, year = {1980}, publisher = {Princeton University Press}, organization = {Princeton University Press}, abstract = {

This edition replaces the earlier translation by Walter Lowrie that appeared under the title The Concept of Dread. Along with The Sickness unto Death, the work reflects from a psychological point of view Soren Kierkegaard{\textquoteright}s longstanding concern with the Socratic maxim, "Know yourself." His ontological view of the self as a synthesis of body, soul, and spirit has influenced philosophers such as Heidegger and Sartre, theologians such as Jaspers and Tillich, and psychologists such as Rollo May. In The Concept of Anxiety, Kierkegaard describes the nature and forms of anxiety, placing the domain of anxiety within the mental-emotional states of human existence that precede the qualitative leap of faith to the spiritual state of Christianity. It is through anxiety that the self becomes aware of its dialectical relation between the finite and the infinite, the temporal and the eternal.

}, isbn = {0691020116}, author = {S{\o}ren Kierkegaard} } @book {80140, title = {The Marx-Engels reader}, series = {The German Ideology, Part I}, year = {1978}, publisher = {Norton}, organization = {Norton}, abstract = {

Marx on the history of his opinions (preface to A contribution to the Critique of political economy)

{\textendash} For a ruthless criticism of everything existing (letter to Arnold Ruge)

{\textendash} Contribution to the critique of Hegel{\textquoteright}s Philosophy of right : introduction

{\textendash} On the Jewish question {\textendash} Economic and philosophic manuscripts of 1844 : selections

{\textendash} Alienation and social classes (from The holy family)

{\textendash} Theses on Feuerbach

{\textendash} The German ideology : part I

{\textendash} Wage labour and capital

{\textendash} Capital : selections

{\textendash} On the realm of necessity and the realm of freedom (from Volume three of Capital)

{\textendash}On the division of labour in production (from Anti-Dühring)

{\textendash} The Communist manifesto

{\textendash} Address of the Central Committee to the Communist League

{\textendash} Inaugural address of the Working Men{\textquoteright}s International Association

{\textendash} Critique of the Gotha Program

{\textendash} Circular letter to Bebel, Liebknecht, Bracke, and others

{\textendash} The tactics of social democracy (Engels{\textquoteright} introduction to Marx{\textquoteright}s The class struggles in France 1848-1850)

{\textendash} Speech at the anniversary of the People{\textquoteright}s paper

{\textendash} Working-class Manchester (from The condition of the working class in England in 1844)

{\textendash} The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte

{\textendash} The Civil War in France

{\textendash} On imperialism in India

{\textendash} On social relations in Russia

{\textendash} Speech at the graveside of Marx

{\textendash} Socialism : utopian and scientific

{\textendash} Letters on historical materialism

{\textendash} On the origin of the state (from The origin of the family, private property, and the state)

{\textendash} Versus the anarchists (letter to Theodor Cuno)

{\textendash} On authority

{\textendash} On morality (from Anti-Dühring).

}, keywords = {History of Anthropology, Marxism}, isbn = {9780393056846}, issn = {00028762}, doi = {10.2307/1838394}, author = {Karl Marx and Engels, F} } @article {10794, title = {La formation de sens comme {\'e}v{\'e}nement}, volume = {34}, year = {1943}, pages = {149{\textendash}172}, author = {Tengelyi, L{\'a}szl{\'o}} }